Glossary

Justified true belief (JTB) is the traditional tripartite definition of knowledge, requiring that a person believe a proposition, that the proposition be true, and that the person have justification for the belief. The Gettier problem demonstrates that these three conditions are not suffic

The Gettier problem is a philosophical counterexample showing that a justified true belief can fail to be knowledge when the truth is a matter of epistemic luck.

Ubuntu ethics is an African moral philosophy rooted in the Nguni maxim 'a person is a person through other persons.' It makes relational harmony the supreme good and judges actions by their capacity to build or damage community.

Moral attention is the deliberate, disciplined direction of one's awareness toward another being or truth, in a way that is ethically formative. It is a finite capacity that shapes character, perception, and action, and is central to the moral philosophies of Simone Weil, Iris Murdoch, and

The ontology of debt is the philosophical study of what debt fundamentally is: whether it exists as a brute reality, a social construct, a moral relation, or a combination of these modes of being.

The Ship of Fools is a Platonic allegory from Republic VI illustrating how democracy can mistake persuasive rhetoric for genuine competence, leaving the true navigator marginalized.

Digital memory ethics is the philosophical and interdisciplinary study of the moral dimensions of digital recording, retention, retrieval, and erasure, central to questions of identity, justice, and power in networked societies.

The unsayable (das Unaussprechliche) in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus denotes everything that cannot be expressed in meaningful propositions: logical form, ethics, aesthetics, the sense of life, and the mystical. It is not a failure of language but a boundary of it, marking what can o

Digital memory ethics is a subfield of applied philosophy and media ethics that examines moral obligations surrounding the persistence, accessibility, preservation, and attenuation of digital records of human life and communication.

Collective responsibility refers to the moral or legal accountability of a group—such as a corporation, state, or community—for harms caused by its collective actions or omissions, where the blame is not simply the aggregate of its individual members’ culpability.