Glossary

Ubuntu is an African philosophical ethic rooted in the idea that personhood is relationally constituted. Its core maxim, 'umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu' (a person is a person through persons), holds that moral value resides in fostering communal harmony, dignity, and mutual recognition.

Just war theory is a moral and legal tradition that seeks to limit war by specifying conditions for its just initiation, conduct, and conclusion. Its main branches are jus ad bellum (justice before war), jus in bello (justice in war), and jus post bellum (justice after war).

The Paradox of the Court is a self-referential legal puzzle in which a teacher sues a former student for unpaid tuition, and both parties argue with equal logical force that they must win, producing contradictory conclusions from the same contract and court ruling.

The dirty hands problem is a situational moral conflict in which a public official must commit an act that is morally repugnant in itself to prevent a greater catastrophe or achieve an essential good. It differs from a simple dilemma because the wrongness of the act does not disappear even

Feed-flattened time is the perceptual condition induced by infinite scroll interfaces, in which the temporal depth of experience is reduced to an eternal present, weakening both memory and anticipation.

Flow is an optimal state of consciousness in which a person is fully immersed in an activity, with a loss of self-consciousness, distorted temporal perception, and a balance between challenge and skill. Philosophically, flow is a state of authentic engagement that reveals the intrinsic con

The impressive trap is a cultural and psychological dynamic in which individuals invest disproportionate energy in crafting an idealized, high-status persona that garners admiration, but at the expense of authentic self-disclosure and relational depth.

Contradiction capital is the accumulated value that arises when a person or organization holds conflicting traits, skills, or worldviews together productively, rather than resolving them into a single identity.

A Gettier case is a hypothetical scenario used in epistemology where an individual has a justified true belief that still falls short of knowledge because the truth is reached by luck or coincidence. These cases serve as counterexamples to the justified true belief (JTB) definition of know

Inverted spectrum refers to a philosophical thought experiment first articulated by John Locke in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689), imagining the possibility that the same object might produce different color sensations in different people while both use the same color names.