Glossary

Daoist skepticism, as primarily articulated by figures like Zhuangzi, represents a radical philosophical stance that challenges the human tendency to impose rigid categories, definitive truths, and fixed distinctions upon a fluid and ever-changing reality. Unlike Western skepticism, which

Jean-Paul Sartre's famous declaration, "Hell is other people" (L'enfer, c'est les autres), from his play No Exit, signifies that the primary source of human suffering and alienation is the inescapable objectification we experience through the gaze of others. It refers to the constant threa

For Jean-Paul Sartre, shame is a fundamental existential emotion that arises not from a personal moral failing, but from the realization of one's object-hood in the eyes of another. It is the visceral experience of being fixed, defined, and judged by an external consciousness, stripping aw

Psychological continuity is a theory of personal identity positing that an individual persists through time so long as there is a continuous chain of psychological connections, such as memories, beliefs, desires, and personality traits, even if the physical body undergoes radical change or

In Jean-Paul Sartre's existential phenomenology, the "Subject" (for-itself, or pour-soi) refers to human consciousness, characterized by freedom, negation, and constant self-creation, existing as pure possibility. The "Object" (in-itself, or en-soi) denotes non-conscious being, characteriz

Bodily continuity is a theory of personal identity asserting that a person persists through time if and only if their physical body remains continuously in existence, fundamentally viewing a person as a biological organism whose identity is tied to its material form.

In Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist philosophy, "The Look" or "The Gaze" (Le Regard) is the disorienting and objectifying experience of being perceived by another consciousness. It is the moment when an individual, previously immersed in their subjective freedom, is suddenly confronted wi

In philosophy of science, incommensurability refers to the idea that two competing scientific theories or paradigms may be fundamentally incomparable or untranslatable into each other, lacking a common measure or language for direct comparison. Paul Feyerabend, alongside Thomas Kuhn, champ

Epistemological Anarchism is a radical philosophy of science, primarily associated with Paul Feyerabend, which rejects the notion of a single, prescriptive scientific method. It argues that all methodologies, including those considered irrational or unscientific, are permissible and potent

In the philosophy of Nassim Nicholas Taleb, "Skin in the Game" refers to the fundamental requirement that individuals involved in decision-making, offering advice, or bearing responsibility for outcomes must also personally experience the consequences—both positive and negative—of those ac